Archimedes Palimpsest

All images produced by the Rochester Institute of Technology, Equipoise Imaging and Boeing LTS.
XRF images also produced with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).

All images are licensed for free use under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Access Rights.
It is requested that copies of any research based on these images be sent to wnoel@thewalters.org.

20 November 2011
165r-168v_Arch29v-30r_LED365_mask1_PCA_R1G2B3.tif
168r-168v_Arch30v-29r_LED365_mask1 165rstats_PCA_R1G2B3.tif
177v-172r_Arch69v_LED365_mask1_PCA_R1G2B3.tif
177r-172v_Arch69r_Sinar_LED365_01_corr_mask2_PCA_R1G2B3.tif

15 November 2011
010r-009v Hue Angle Rotation TIFF File (260 MB)
010v-009r Hue Angle Rotation TIFF File (260 MB) (text in upper half at hue angle ~ -30 deg, lower half at ~ + 100 deg)
011r-008v Hue Angle Rotation TIFF File (260 MB) (text in upper half at hue angle ~ -30 deg)
011v-008r Hue Angle Rotation TIFF File (260 MB)

9 March 2011
Cambridge Leaf, PCA Huey images
Recto: TIFF (86MBytes) JPEG (11 MBytes)
Verso: TIFF (86 MBytes) JPEG (15 MBytes)

CORRECTIONS to XRF registered images of 028v-021r
Fe Front TIFF (10880 × 8160) JPEG (1088 × 816)
Fe Back TIFF (10880 × 8160) JPEG (1088 × 816)
Ca Front TIFF (10880 × 8160) JPEG (1088 × 816)
Ca Back TIFF (10880 × 8160) JPEG (1088 × 816)
Ba Back TIFF (10880 × 8160) JPEG (1088 × 816)
Mn Back TIFF (10880 × 8160) JPEG (1088 × 816)

FIRST TRY at "pseudocolors" of Cambridge Leaf -- UV Red into R, Visible Blue into G,B
Recto TIFF (260MBytes) JPEG (3.7 MBytes)
Verso TIFF (260MBytes) JPEG (3.9 MBytes)

20 August 2010
PCA "Hueys" of Alexander Pages
Rotate the Hue Angle in Photoshop or GIMP to find best text visibility
256MByte (LARGE) TIFF files
("ImageA" produced from RGB channels, "ImageB" from Lab channels)
143r-146v_Alex01r: imageA imageB
143v-146r_Alex01v: imageA imageB
120r-121v_Alex02r: imageA imageB
120v-121r_Alex02v: imageA imageB
079r-074v_Alex03r: imageA imageB
079v-074r_Alex03v: imageA imageB
078r-075v_Alex04r: imageA imageB
078v-075r_Alex04v: imageA imageB
077r-076v_Alex05r: imageA imageB
077v-076r_Alex05v: imageA imageB
080r-073v_Alex06r: imageA imageB
080v-073r_Alex06v: imageA imageB
119r-122v_Alex07r: imageA imageB
119v-122v_Alex07v: imageA imageB

PCA "Hueys" of Selected Pantoleon Pages
Rotate the Hue Angle in Photoshop or GIMP to find best text visibility
256MByte (LARGE) TIFF files
053r-052v_Pant02: image
053v-052r_Pant02: image
084r-085v_Pant04: imageA imageB
084v-085r_Pant04: imageA imageB

08 August 2010
PCA "Hueys" of Alexander Pages
Rotate the Hue Angle in Photoshop or GIMP to find best text visibility
079v-074r Alex 03r (the most promising) JPEG (32MBytes) TIFF (260MBytes)
079r-074v Alex 03v JPEG (27 MBytes) TIFF(260 MBytes)

080r-073v Alex 06r (something in line 12?) JPEG (25MBytes) TIFF (260MBytes)
080v-073r Alex 06v (something in lines 14, 18?) JPEG (30MBytes) TIFF (260MBytes)

13 April 2010
Images of Euchologion 001-002
Visual Appearance (JPEG): 002r-001v 002v-001r
Pseudocolor (JPEG): 002r-001v 002v-001r
Ultraviolet monochrome image (JPEG): 002r-001v 002v-001r
Ultraviolet color image (JPEG): 002r-001v 002v-001r
XRF Iron front (JPEG): 000r-001v 000v-001r
XRF Iron back (JPEG): 000r-001v 000v-001r

16 March 2010
PCA and pseudocolor images of Euchologion leaf 008v (registered image, text at bottom of image)
ARC_600a_011r-008v_02_mask_pca_13bands_band2.jpg (4 MB) uncompressed TIFF (38 MB)
ARC_600a_011r-008v_02_mask_pca_13bands_band6.jpg (5 MB) uncompressed TIFF (38 MB)
ARC_600a_011r-008v_02_mask_pca_13bands_pseudocolor R2G2B6.jpg (6 MB) uncompressed TIFF (115 MB)
ARC_600a_011r-008v_02_mask_pca_13bands_pseudocolor R2G6B6.jpg (7 MB) uncompressed TIFF (115 MB)

1 March 2007
Comparison of Large-Format and Stitched Pseudocolor Images
076v-077r: stitched image of full bifolium approximately registered to large-format pseudocolor using ENVI and saved as compressed JPEGs
Images may be overlaid using Adobe Photoshop or similar software for comparison
This result appears to confirm the idea that the large-format camera with digital back produces useful images.
076v-077r Large Format
076v-077r Stitched (registered to Large Format)

20 February 2007 - Sections of 076 - 077, pseudocolors and sharpies
076v-077r Pseudocolor Sections (0-4 first column, 5-9 second column)
0 pseudocolor 5 pseudocolor
1 pseudocolor 6 pseudocolor2 pseudocolor 7 pseudocolor3 pseudocolor 8 pseudocolor
4 pseudocolor 9 pseudocolor076v-077 Sharpie Sections
0 sharpie 5 sharpie
1 sharpie 6 sharpie2 sharpie 7 sharpie3 sharpie 8 sharpie4 sharpie 9 sharpie077v-076r Pseudocolor Sections (0-4 first column, 5-9 second column)
0 pseudocolor 5 pseudocolor
1 pseudocolor 6 pseudocolor2 pseudocolor 7 pseudocolor3 pseudocolor 8 pseudocolor
4 pseudocolor 9 pseudocolor077v-076r Sharpie Sections
0 sharpie 5 sharpie
1 sharpie 6 sharpie2 sharpie 7 sharpie3 sharpie 8 sharpie4 sharpie 9 sharpie

19 February 2007 - Sections of 075 - 078, pseudocolors and sharpies
075v-078r Pseudocolor Sections (0-4 first column, 5-9 second column)
0 pseudocolor 5 pseudocolor
1 pseudocolor 6 pseudocolor2 pseudocolor 7 pseudocolor3 pseudocolor 8 pseudocolor
4 pseudocolor 9 pseudocolor075v-078r Sharpie Sections
0 sharpie 5 sharpie
1 sharpie 6 sharpie2 sharpie 7 sharpie3 sharpie 8 sharpie4 sharpie 9 sharpie078v-075r Pseudocolor Sections (0-4 first column, 5-9 second column)
0 pseudocolor 5 pseudocolor
1 pseudocolor 6 pseudocolor2 pseudocolor 7 pseudocolor3 pseudocolor 8 pseudocolor
4 pseudocolor 9 pseudocolor078v-075r Sharpie Sections
0 sharpie 5 sharpie
1 sharpie 6 sharpie2 sharpie 7 sharpie3 sharpie 8 sharpie4 sharpie 9 sharpie

4 December 2006 - Processed XRF Images of 081r (overpainted with forgery)
These (provisional) XRF images are of a small section of f.081r; they were processed to try to extract individual layers of text.
Visible Pseudocolor image of section of f.081r (for comparison)
Visible Pseudocolor image of section of f.081v (for comparison)
Euchologion text under paint on f.081r (using "Mixture-tuned Matched Filtering")
Euchologion and Archimedes text under paint on f.081r (using "Mixture-tuned Matched Filtering")
Euchologion and Archimedes text from f.081verso (unpainted) side (using "Mixture-tuned Matched Filtering")
Euchologion text alone from f.081verso (unpainted) side (using "Linear Unmixing")

1 December 2006 - Images from WAM, November 2006

f.174v-175r (Hyperides)
These (provisional) images were made using raking-incidence illumination at the Walters Art Museum during November 2006.
The images were collected using visible light (not the infrared used for f.172v next) at high resolution (approximately 1700 pixels per inch).
These are compressed monochromatic JPEG files for raking incidence from the left, from the right, and from both sides.
( Images that have been subsampled by half in both dimensions are also included).
Note the sizes of the image files!
175r raking from right (large -- 9.7 MBytes) 175r raking from right (subsampled -- 3.2 MBytes)
175r raking from left (large -- 9.3 MBytes) 175r raking from left (subsampled -- 3.3 MBytes)
175r raking from both (large -- 10.6 MBytes) 175r raking from both (subsampled -- 3.6 MBytes)

174v raking from right (large -- 9.9 MBytes) 174v raking from right (subsampled -- 3.2 MBytes)
174v raking from left (large -- 9.8 MBytes) 174v raking from left (subsampled -- 3.2 MBytes)
174v raking from both (large -- 11.5 MBytes) 174v raking from both (subsampled -- 3.7 MBytes)

Stomachion, f.172v
The infrared image was taken using low raking illumination (angle to manuscript < 30°) and has been considerably "downsampled" from
its original resolution of 1700+ pixels per inch so that it approximately matches the pseudocolor image.
The two images are approximately registered; users can open both images in Adobe Photoshop and switch between them.
172v Pseudocolor (from January 2003)
172v (provisional) infrared image

7 August 2006

Stitched Images of 064v
XRF 064v Iron Front detector
XRF 064v Iron Back detector
XRF 064v Calcium front detector

Reversed to appear from side 064r
XRF 064r Iron Front detector
XRF 064r Iron Back detector
XRF 064r Calcium front detector

6 August 2006, XRF Imaging at SLAC

Measurements of "Low-Z" Elements
159v-158r Method (only one small section)
XRF 159v-158r Ch1 Sulfur
XRF 159v-158r Ch4 Chlorine
XRF 159v-158r Ch6 Phosphorus
XRF 159v-158r Ch8 Silicon

120v-121r Commentary on Aristotle (only one small section)
XRF 120v-121r Ch1 Sulfur
XRF 120v-121r Ch4 Chlorine
XRF 120v-121r Ch6 Phosphorus
XRF 120v-121r Ch8 Silicon

144v-145r Hyperides (only one small section)
XRF 144v-145r Ch1 Sulfur
XRF 144v-145r Ch4 Chlorine
XRF 144v-145r Ch6 Phosphorus
XRF 144v-145r Ch8 Silicon

064v forgery
XRF 064v Iron Front detector
XRF 064v Iron Back detector
XRF 064v Calcium front detector

021r forgery
XRF 021r Iron Front detector
XRF 021r Iron Back detector
XRF 021r Calcium front detector
XRF 021r Calcium back detector
XRF 021r Barium back detector

120r Aristotle Commentary (1 scan near top of page)
XRF 120r Iron Front detector
XRF 120r Iron Back detector
XRF 120r Calcium front detector
XRF 120r Calcium back detector
XRF 120r Copper front detector
XRF 120r Copper back detector
XRF 120r Potassium back detector

120v Aristotle Commentary (scans above reversed)
XRF 120v Iron Front detector
XRF 120v Iron Back detector (reversed)
XRF 120v Calcium front detector (reversed)
XRF 120v Calcium back detector (reversed)
XRF 120v Copper front detector (reversed)
XRF 120v Copper back detector (reversed)
XRF 120v Potassium back detector (reversed)

105v-110r (all scans included)

XRF 105v-110r Iron Front detector
XRF 100v-110r Iron Front detector (reversed)

XRF 105v-110r Iron Back detector
XRF 105v-110r Iron Back detector (reversed)

XRF 105v-110r Calcium front detector
XRF 105v-110r Calcium detector (reversed)

5 August 2006, XRF Imaging at SLAC

105v-110r (four scans included)

Blue-Yellow XRF Pseudocolor
Blue-Yellow XRF Pseudocolor (reversed, as from side 110v-105r)

Yellow-Blue XRF Pseudocolor
Yellow-Blue XRF Pseudocolor (reversed, as from side 110v-105r)

110v-105r (all scans included)

Blue-Yellow XRF Pseudocolor
Blue-Yellow XRF Pseudocolor (reversed, as from side 105v-110r)

    Yellow-Blue XRF Pseudocolor
Yellow-Blue XRF Pseudocolor (reversed, as from side 105v-110r)

    Optical Pseudocolor 110v-105r (for comparison)
Optical Pseudocolor 105v-110r (for comparison)

    XRF 110v-105r Iron Front detector
XRF 110v-105r Iron Front detector (reversed)

XRF 110v-105r Iron Back detector
   XRF 110v-105r Iron Back detector (reversed)

XRF 110v-105r Calcium front detector
XRF 110v-105r Calcium detector (reversed)

2 August 2006, XRF Imaging at SLAC

XRF Stereo Image Test
XRF Stereo Image of 057v Iron

Keith Knox document showing XRF of Diagram on 159v-158r
original Powerpoint document (1.3 MBytes)
Adobe Acrobat pdf format (MUCH smaller -- 0.5 MBytes)

1 August 2006, XRF Imaging at SLAC

XRF Image Test: Which of these four do you prefer?
A057r
B057r
C057r
D057r

Keith Knox document explaining XRF Pseudocolor
original Powerpoint document (14.5 MBytes)
Adobe Acrobat pdf format (MUCH smaller -- 0.9 MBytes)

f. 081v XRFs REVERSED to match text on 081r
044. XRF Blue-Yellow Pseudocolor of 081v_reversed (1.9 MBytes)
043. XRF Pseudocolor of 081v_reversed (1.8 MBytes)
042. XRF Calcium Front stitched_reversed (2.2 MBytes)
041. XRF Iron Back stitched_reversed (1.7 MBytes)
040. XRF Iron Front stitched_reversed (1.6 MBytes)

f. 081v XRFs
039. XRF Blue-Yellow Pseudocolor of 081v (1.9 MBytes)
038. XRF Pseudocolor of 081v (1.8 MBytes)
037. XRF Calcium Front stitched (2.2 MBytes)
036. XRF Iron Back stitched (1.7 MBytes)
035. XRF Iron Front stitched (1.6 MBytes)

f. 021v Pseudocolor
034. XRF Pseudocolor of 021v (2.0 MBytes)
033. Optical Pseudocolor of 021v (2.0 MBytes)

f. 021v XRFs REVERSED to match f. 021r
032. XRF Pseudocolor of 021v reversed (2.0 MBytes)
031. XRF Calcium Front stitched reversed (2.3 MBytes)
030. XRF Iron Back stitched reversed (1.7 MBytes)
029. XRF Iron Front stitched reversed (1.7 MBytes)

f. 021v XRFs
028. XRF Calcium Front stitched (2.7 MBytes)
027. XRF Iron Back stitched (2.0 MBytes)
026. XRF Iron Front stitched (2.3 MBytes)

30 July 2006, XRF Imaging at SLAC

f. 064r XRFs REVERSED to match f. 064v
025. XRF Calcium Front stitched reversed (2.3 MBytes)
024. XRF Iron Back stitched reversed (1.7 MBytes)
023. XRF Iron Front stitched reversed (1.7 MBytes)
022. XRF Iron Pseudocolor stitched reversed (1.7 MBytes)

f. 064r
021. XRF Calcium Front stitched (2.3 MBytes)
020. XRF Iron Back stitched (1.7 MBytes)
019. XRF Iron Front stitched (1.7 MBytes)
018. XRF Iron Pseudocolor stitched (1.7 MBytes)

f. 057v
017. XRF Calcium stitched (2.7 MBytes)

f. 145v-144r (Hyperides) XRF Set 3 (All 8 Scans Stitched)
016. XRF Calcium pseudocolor reversed (3.6 MBytes)
015. XRF Iron pseudocolor reversed (2.9 MBytes)
014 XRF Calcium pseudocolor (3.6 MBytes)
013 XRF Iron pseudocolor (2.9 MBytes)

29 July 2006, XRF Imaging at SLAC

f. 145v-144r (Hyperides) XRF Set 2 (All 8 Scans Stitched)

012. XRF Iron back detector reversed (2.9 MBytes)
011. XRF Iron front detector reversed (2.9 MBytes)
010. pseudocolor image of 145v-144r (for comparison to XRF image -- 4.0 MBytes)

144v-145r (Hyperides) XRF Set 1 (All 8 Scans Stitched)

009. XRF Iron back detector (2.9 MBytes)
008. XRF Iron front detector (2.9 MBytes)
007. pseudocolor image of 144v-145r (3.8 MBytes)

5 May 2006
001v
Stitched XRF image (yellow)
Stitched pseudocolor image

24 April 2006
You may download these large JPEG rather than viewing online.
        ("Right Click" and select "Save Link As")

078v-075r B&W Subtraction Images ("Sharpies"), text shown in "black"
        Standard Pseudocolor (9.7 MBytes)
      Subtraction File (7.2 MBytes)
      Subtraction File, contrast enhanced (11 MBytes)

093v-092r B&W Subtraction Images ("Sharpies"), text shown in "black"
      Standard Pseudocolor (11.5 MBytes)
Subtraction File (9.3 MBytes)
Subtraction File, contrast enhanced (13.5 MBytes)

23 April 2006

078v-075r B&W Subtraction Images ("Sharpies"), text shown in "white"
Subtraction File (11.5 MBytes) Standard Pseudocolor (9.7 MBytes)

093v-092r B&W Subtraction Images ("Sharpies"), text shown in "white"
Subtraction File (14.5 MBytes) Standard Pseudocolor (11.5 MBytes)

File Subtraction Tests ("Sharpies"), 11 April 2006 (Single Sections, NOT Stitched Files)
Aristotle Text from 078v
   Image Section 0          Image Section 5
   Image Section 1          Image Section 6
   Image Section 2          Image Section 7

093v - 092r test
   Image Section 0          Image Section 5
   Image Section 1          Image Section 6
   Image Section 2          Image Section 7
   Image Section 3          Image Section 8
   Image Section 4          Image Section 9

   Stitched File               Stitched File after linear contrast enhancement

metadata for Will Noel
metadata video for Will Noel

057v-0000_Arch16v_Chicago_positive_registered.tif (4 second exposure)
057v-0000_Arch16v_Chicago_positive_registered-1.tif (1 second exposure, dark)
057v-0000_Arch16v_Chicago_positive_registered-2.tif (2 second exposure, darker)