@inproceedings{Montanaro2007_0,<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abstract = {Determining the temperature of an internal surface within cavernous targets, such as the interior wall of a mechanical draft cooling tower, from remotely sensed imagery is important for many surveillance applications that provide input to process models. The surface leaving radiance from an observed target is a combination of the self-emitted radiance and the reflected background radiance. The self-emitted radiance component is a function of the temperature-dependent blackbody radiation and the view-dependent directional emissivity. The reflected background radiance component depends on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the surface, the incident radiance from surrounding sources, and the BRDF for each of these background sources. Inside a cavity, the background radiance emanating from any of the multiple internal surfaces will be a combination of the self-emitted and reflected energy from the other internal surfaces as well as the downwelling sky radiance. This scenario provides for a complex radiometric inversion problem in order to arrive at the absolute temperature of any of these internal surfaces. The cavernous target has often been assumed to be a blackbody, but in field experiments it has been determined that this assumption does not always provide an accurate surface temperature. The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) modeling tool is being used to represent a cavity target. The model demonstrates the dependence of the radiance reaching the sensor on the emissivity of the internal surfaces and the multiple internal interactions between all the surfaces that make up the overall target. The cavity model is extended to a detailed model of a mechanical draft cooling tower. The predictions of derived temperature from this model are compared to those derived from actual infrared imagery collected with a helicopter-based broadband infrared imaging system collected over an operating tower located at the Savannah River National Laboratory site.},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Address = {Orlando, Florida, United States of America},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Author = {Matthew Montanaro and Carl  Salvaggio and Scott D.  Brown and David W.  Messinger and Adam A.  Goodenough and Alfred J.  Garrett and Eliel  Villa-Aleman},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Booktitle = {Proceedings of the SPIE, SPIE Defense and Security, Sensor Data Exploitation and Target Recognition, Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XIII},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Keywords = {cavernous targets; thermal infrared; absolute temperature; apparent temperature; apparent emissivity; brdf; synthetic image generation},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Month = {April},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Number = {656511, doi:10.1117/12.718666},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Organization = {SPIE},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pages = {656511/1--656511/10},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Title = {Radiometric modeling of cavernous targets to assist in the determination of absolute temperature for input to process models},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Url = {http://www.cis.rit.edu/~cnspci/references/montanaro2007.pdf},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Volume = {6565},<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Year = {2007}}